N3 — outside your level filter
ずに
ずにzu niN3formal
Same meaning6
classical negative (ぬ・ず・ざる)
- ねばならないmust do; is obliged to do (written)attaches at
- ぬdoes not — the classical negative endingattaches at
- ざるを得ないhave no choice but to do; cannot avoid doingattaches at
- ずに済むget by without doing; turn out not to have to doattaches at
without doing
All examples5
without doing X — the written, formal choice
彼は誰にも相談せずに、会社を辞めてしまった。
kare wa dare ni mo soudanse zu ni, kaisha o yamete shimatta.
He quit the company without consulting anyone. neutral
危険物は持ち込まずに、会場へお入りください。
kikenbutsu wa mochikomazu ni, kaijou e ohairi kudasai.
Please enter the venue without carrying in any hazardous items. formal
not X, and — the first half is negative, the rest continues
少年は振り返らず、まっすぐ歩き続けた。
shounen wa furikaerazu, massugu arukitsuzuketa.
The boy didn't look back, and kept walking straight ahead. neutral
今年の夏は雨がほとんど降らず、各地で水不足が心配された。
kotoshi no natsu wa ame ga hotondo furazu, kakuchi de mizubusoku ga shinpai sareta.
There was hardly any rain this summer, and water shortages were feared in many areas. neutral
本日の会議では結論が出ず、来週に持ち越しとなりました。
honjitsu no kaigi de wa ketsuron ga dezu, raishuu ni mochikoshi to narimashita.
Today's meeting reached no conclusion, and the matter has been carried over to next week. formal
How it's formed2
All forms2
せずにsezunialternant
する becomes せずに, never ×しずに — 連絡せずに帰ってしまった。
ずしてzushiteliterary
survives in set phrases (戦わずして勝つ, 労せずして) and in a rhetorical pattern that is still live — これを名作と言わずして何と言おう。
Notes
occurs. Bare ず does both jobs, modifying a verb, or ending
mid-sentence (結論が出ず、…)。