とき

とき points at an occasion, whether instant or ongoing (着ついたとき works fine). あいだに instead needs an ongoing stretch, with the event strictly inside.

とき needs no duration at all, 子供こどものとき works fine. あいだ needs a stretch with two clear ends, so 子供こどものあいだ sounds off.

場合ばあい reads as a contingency, not a located past event. ×駅えきに着ついた場合ばあい、電話でんわした is odd where 駅えきに着ついたとき、電話でんわした is the ordinary way to narrate what actually happened.

まえに marks the later event, so the rest happens first, always (寝ねるまえに歯はを磨みがく). とき just says they happen together, with no fixed order (来くるとき).

際さいに is とき's formal partner, for notable or official moments (契約けいやくの際さいに). とき allows any moment at all, trivial or not (帰かえるとき).

とき just places two events together, with no claim on closeness (座すわったとき is neutral). とたんに needs the second event almost at once, and reads as a jolt (座すわったとたんに椅子いすが壊こわれた).

とき can mean "every time" too, with help from いつも (忙いそがしいときはいつも音楽おんがくを聴きく). たびに needs no such help, and makes the repeat explicit on its own (忙いそがしくなるたびに音楽おんがくを聴きく).

とき just needs an occasion (出でかけるときに電話でんわした, you made the call). ところに needs something to intrude from outside, landing right as you're leaving (出でかけるところに電話でんわが鳴なった).