ながら

ながら keeps one person doing two things at once. あいだに opens a stretch where even a different person can act.

ながら requires one person doing both things at once (音楽おんがくを聞ききながら walks with whoever is listening). あいだ has no such condition, so subjects can differ (弟おとうとが寝ねているあいだ、私わたしは本ほんを読よんだ).

ながら runs exactly two actions at once, under one subject. たり〜たり samples an open list whose members just take turns over time.

つつ covers the same "two things at once" ground as ながら, more formal. つつ fits essays, reports, and news narration, while ながら is everyday.

ないで cuts the side action out of the scene entirely. ながら instead runs it right alongside the main verb.

ながら pairs two things happening at once. たまま instead freezes a state that stays unchanged through the main verb (電気でんきをつけたまま).

読よみながら needs a main verb after it. 読よみ始はじめる is the main verb, so it can end the sentence.

ながら alone just joins two things one person does at once (音楽おんがくを聞ききながら勉強べんきょうする). Adding も turns it into "even though" (体調たいちょうが悪わるいながらも出社しゅっしゃした).

とはいいながら is a fixed concession, "that said" (便利べんりだとはいいながら、高たかい). ながら alone just joins two actions done at once (音楽おんがくを聞ききながら勉強べんきょうする).