plain form

〜ならN4

if (that's the case); as for — picks up what was just said

〜としたらN3

supposing that; if we assume — a hypothesis set up for argument's sake

〜場合ばあいN4

in the case that; if — a scenario named as a condition

〜のでN5

because; since — reason as circumstance

〜のにN4

even though; despite; and yet

〜せいでN3

because of; on account of — blaming an unwanted result on N

〜おかげでN4

thanks to; because of N — crediting a welcome result to N

〜くせにN2

even though; and yet — a jab at someone who should know better

〜一方いっぽうでN3

while; on the other hand — two sides of the same thing

〜にしてもN2

even granting; even if it's the case that — one case among several

〜と言いってもN3

having said that; though I say X — walks back a claim made

〜としてもN3

even supposing; even if we take it that — concedes a set-up hypothesis

〜代かわりにN2

instead of N — stands in for another, or makes up for it

〜からこそN2

precisely because — this reason and no other made it happen

〜ものだからN2

because — offered as an excuse the speaker could not help

〜ものN2

'cause; but I — a reason fired back at the listener

〜せいかN2

perhaps because; maybe it's because — the cause offered only as a guess

〜からといってN2

just because X, that doesn't mean Y — the conclusion is refused

〜だけにN2

all the more so; given how much X — bigger reason, bigger result

〜だけあってN2

as one would expect; no wonder — the reason explains the good result

〜だけのことはあるN2

no wonder; that explains it — X lives up to what's expected

〜以上いじょうはN3

now that; given that — a fact already true commits the speaker

〜からにはN2

since; now that — once this is true, a firm duty follows

〜からにほかならないN2

is nothing other than; is precisely — no other explanation fits

〜反面はんめんN2

on the other side of it — one thing, two opposite sides

〜とはいえN2

that said; granted — the point is conceded, then turned against

〜のも当然とうぜんだ

it's only natural that; no wonder — the reason given makes it unsurprising

〜ためにN4

in order to; for the sake of; because of

〜そうだN4

I hear that; they say that

〜ようだN4

it seems; it appears; like

〜らしいN3

apparently; I gather; typical of

〜と思おもうN5

I think that; in my opinion

〜かなN5

I wonder; maybe (wondering aloud)

〜に違ちがいないN3

must be; surely is (a confident conclusion)

〜気きがするN2

I have a feeling that — a hunch with no evidence behind it

〜ような気きがするN3

I have a feeling that; it seems to me that

〜わけだN2

so that means; that's why; no wonder

〜わけがないN3

there's no way that; it's impossible that

〜わけではないN3

it's not that; doesn't necessarily mean that

〜とは限かぎらないN2

not necessarily; not always the case

〜に決きまっているN2

of course it is; is bound to be — treated as beyond argument

〜に相違そういないN2

beyond doubt; there is no doubt that (written, formal)

〜かのようだN3

as if; just as though — a likeness you already know isn't true

〜ということはN3

which means; so in other words — builds on what was just said

〜とかでN2

apparently; something about — a reason heard second-hand and not pinned down

〜のではないかN3

isn't it that…? — a guess offered as a question, not a claim

〜みたいにN4

like; as if — a spoken way to compare two things

〜だけでなくN3

not only ... (but also)

〜ばかりでなくN2

not only ... (but also)

〜のはもちろんN2

N goes without saying — and something less obvious holds as well

〜わりにN2

considering ...; more/less than expected given ...

〜というよりN2

rather than saying ...; more like ...

〜だけましだN2

at least X — a bad situation beats the worse alternative

〜というN4

called; named; the fact that

〜と言いっていたN5

(someone) said that — relaying words a named person actually spoke

〜と言いわれる

I was told to; I was told that — the aimed-at person's words

〜と伝つたえていただけませんかN4

could you pass on that — asking the listener to carry a message

〜かどうかN4

whether or not

〜かN4

a tucked-in question — who/what/where inside a bigger sentence

〜んですN5

it's that…; you see — marks the sentence as an explanation

〜ということN3

the fact that; that means; I hear that — makes it a noun

〜というのはN2

what X means is; as for X — explains a word or claim

〜と聞きいている

I hear that; I've been told that — the report reached you

〜ってN4

I heard that; they say — casual spoken stand-in for という／とのことだ

〜とかN4

things like; or something — spoken listing that leaves the list open

〜と考かんがえられる

it can reasonably be concluded that; is to be regarded as

〜ふりをするN2

pretend to; act as if

〜のに対たいしてN3

toward; against; in response to N — also sets N against something else

〜のみならずN2

not only ... but also (written)

〜ばかりかN2

not only ... but even

〜かどうかにかかわらずN2

regardless of; irrespective of — the outcome stays the same, whatever X is

〜にもかかわらずN2

despite; in spite of — the expected result still didn't happen

〜のもかまわずN2

heedless of; without caring about — someone brushes past something they should mind

〜にせよN2

even if; whether — grants a case in writing, and changes nothing

〜のではN2

if you (go on) doing that — and it will end badly

〜にしてはN2

for a N; considering it is N — out of line with N

〜ところを見みると

judging from the fact that; going by the look of it

〜ことかN2

how very X! — an exclamation, not a real question

どうも〜ようだどうも〜らしいどうも〜みたいだN4

somehow; I can't say why — an impression with no evidence to name

〜かしらN3

I wonder — a musing question, coded as feminine speech

〜んだっけN3

was it …? — asks for something you once knew and have forgotten

〜ことだろうN2

how very X it must be! — the written exclamation

〜ことだしN2

seeing as X — a soft reason for what you're about to do

〜ことからN2

from the fact that — states the evidence behind a conclusion or name

まるで〜ようだN3

just like; as if — false, and before a negative, not at all

もし〜ならN5

if; supposing — marks what follows as only a guess

〜なんてN3

the very idea that … — holds up a sentence for judgment

〜かどうかに関係かんけいなくN3

regardless of — the outcome stays the same, whatever N is

〜のだから

since it is the case that — pushes a shared reason home

〜のN5

it's that…; is it that…? — the plain-style explanatory ending

〜のももっともだN2

that's fair enough — agrees someone's reaction or complaint makes sense

〜というかN2

or rather; I'd say — pick a better word than what you said

〜と言いうN5

said — the plain quotative と marking exactly what was said, spoken or reported

〜と言いわれている

it is said that — a reputation with nobody behind it

〜とみえるN2

it looks like X — a guess read off outside evidence

〜となるとN2

once it comes to X — a big change follows

〜とのことだN2

word is that; I am told — passed on from someone named

〜と思おもわれるN3

seems to be — a distant, softened way to state an impression

〜とはいいながらN2

even though one says — grants a claim, then admits it fell short

〜ところからN2

from the fact that — a reason drawn from something already known

〜わけでもないN2

it's not that either — often paired with a second denial