plain clause

question word … + か + main verbかN4

embedded question — who/what/where inside a sentence

plain clause + ががN5

but; and — contrast or soft preamble

〜するほど…ないほど〜ないN4

not as … as

plain clause + かどうかかどうかN4

whether or not

plain clause + からからN5

because; so — the speaker's own reason

plain clause + けどけどN5

but; though — the spoken-default connective

〜するくらいくらいN4

about; to the extent that

plain clause + んです（N・na-adj は なんです）んですN4

it's that…; you see — marks the utterance as an explanation

plain clause + ならならN4

if (that's the case); as for — condition taken from context

〜するほうが…のほうがN5

is more …; the … one of the two

plain clause + のでのでN4

because; since — reason as circumstance

plain clause + のにのにN4

even though; despite; and yet

plain clause + らしいらしいN4

apparently; I gather; typical of

plain clause + ししN4

and what's more — stacking reasons

plain clause + そうだそうだN4

I hear that; they say that

plain clause + と思うと思うN4

I think that; in my opinion

plain clause + ようだようだN4

it seems; it appears; like