noun phrase, shown as a frame
Nothing conjugates into this one: the patterns below are written out the way they are said.
Works with45
topic marker — names what the sentence is about
subject marker — puts the new information on the noun it follows
格助詞+の(母への手紙・東京からの電車・友だちとの約束)N5
の — hangs one noun off another, the first describing the second
格助詞+も(東京でも・友だちにも・母からも)疑問詞+も+否定(何もない・誰も来ない・どこにも行かない)N5
too; also — adds its noun to what was already said
N、それからNN5
and then; after that — the next step once the last one ends
for the first time in — resuming something after a notable gap
just as X directs; wherever it takes one — you add no judgment
期間+に+回数/分量(一日に三回・月に一度・一週間に十時間)N5
per — how many times, or how much, fits inside one period
(人)が(人)に(物)をあげる(人)が私(の側)に(物)をくれる(人)が(人)に/から(物)をもらうN5
give and receive — the verb depends on which way the thing travels
whether to do it or not — weighing an act against holding back
AはBより…N5
than; compared to
is more …; the … one of the two
the most; number one
だいたい+数量N5
roughly; more or less — an estimate, not offered as exact
AはBほど…ないN3
not as … as
Nしか…ないN4
nothing but; no more than (with negative)
名詞+助詞+ばかり(国の人とばかり話す・メールでばかり連絡する)N2
nothing but; only ever
格助詞+さえ(先生にさえ・海外でさえ・親からさえ・彼とさえ)N2
even N (weaker cases hold too)
名詞さえ+条件の形(漫画さえ読んでいれば・給料さえ高ければ・体さえ丈夫なら)N2
if only ...; all it takes is ...
NというNN4
called; named; the fact that
あいさつ表現+と伝えていただけませんか(よろしくと…/お大事にと…)N4
could you pass on that — asking the listener to carry a message
N1やN2(など)+といった+N3(犬や猫といった動物)N2
such as; like — cites two or more examples of the category
こんな/そんな/あんな/どんな+ふうに(こんなふうに・どんなふうに)N2
in that manner; like this — the style or way something is done
それ・その — points back at what was said, or what one side alone knows
not a single — denies every one in a counted group
even N; N or something — a surprising case, or a loose suggestion
regardless of; irrespective of — the outcome stays the same, whatever X is
AにしろBにしろN2
whether … or … — two options listed, and the claim holds for both
AもV(ば形)、BもV(時間もかかれば費用もかかる)Aもい-adj(〜ければ)、Bもい-adj(値段も安ければ味もいい)Aもな-adj/名詞(〜なら)、Bも…(部屋もきれいなら店員も親切だ)N2
both X and Y — two things marked with も and paired with ば
NやらNやら(で)VやらVやら/い-adjやらい-adjやら(泣くやら笑うやら)N2
what with X and Y — a jumble listed when overwhelmed or confused
V1てはV2、V1てはV2(文中のV2は連用形:書いては消し)
X and then Y, over and over — a two-action loop
each; apiece; little by little
in total; as a group of — bundles a quantity into one unit
or — either of the two listed options is acceptable
AあるいはB(電話あるいはメール・辞書あるいはネットで調べる)N3
or; alternatively — and, standing before a whole sentence, "possibly"
(名前)ちゃんN5
an affectionate title for a child, close friend, or pet — softer than さん
Nだけしか…ないN4
only that much and no more — だけ and しか together, for emphasis
Nだの Nだの(と)Vだの Vだの/い-adjだの い-adjだの(忙しいだの眠いだの)N2
X and Y and more — a list said with annoyance
nothing is as … as X — denies that anything reaches the benchmark
from A to B — a span with its start and end named
AからBにかけて(春から夏にかけて・関東から東北にかけて)N3
from A through B — a rough stretch the event spreads across
N and no other — picks its noun out above everything else
(名前)くんN5
an informal title for a boy or a junior man — never upward
格助詞+まで(友だちにまで・家でまで・親しい人に対してまで)N2
even N — the one thing you didn't expect to be included too
何+counter — 何本・何人・何時・何歳何だ/何です/何の/何でもN5
what — なに normally, なん before だ/です/の/でも and before a counter
About this form1
- what fills itnothing — this one is said as written